Soil Physical, Chemical & Biological Properties
Soil formation, profile development, and components. Soil genesis, weathering of rocks and minerals.
Soil physical properties: Soil texture, structure, density, porosity, soil color, soil water, and soil temperature management.
Soil chemical properties: Soil colloids, ion exchange phenomena, soil pH, buffering capacity, and nutrient availability.
Soil biology: Soil organisms (macro & micro), organic matter decomposition, humus formation, and carbon cycle.
Soil pollution: Sources, heavy metals, chemical residues, impacts on crop health, and advanced soil reclamation techniques.